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The punishment, which mostly includes the payment of a fine, needs to be paid quickly and is perceived as high enough to act as a strong deterrent. Moreover, the violator should be promptly notified of a violation. Public access to records of conviction or court judgments.Automated Traffic Enforcement works best when the driving public is given the perception that they can be checked for traffic violations anytime, anywhere. Public Web page displaying information on elected officials. JUNEAU, Alaska - The American Civil Liberties Union is suing the state of Alaska on behalf of a transgender woman, alleging that it denied her a driver's license listing her gender as female unless she provided proof that she'd undergone a sex change operation.Possible.

Drivers license display system. It also has to be clear that the fines can also be collected from the violator involuntary, by whatever legal means possible.driver licensing systems: Topics by Science.gov. The likelihood of successful court challenges to traffic fines needs to be very low to discourage future challenges. Moreover, it has to be obvious that eventually, any non-paying violator will be ordered to appear before a judge in court. Therefore, it has to be absolutely clear to the violator that 1) the authorities have solid and accurate evidence that the violation took place, 2) there is no escape from the issued fine, and 3) that the penalty will continue to increase with payment delays.

If one link is weak this could impact the entire enforcement chain and it is therefore important to analyse each link for potential problems.The automated traffic enforcement chain consists of the following links, which will be dealt with in the paragraphs below: 1. Apart from the above issues, ineffectiveness and inefficiencies can appear in several links of the automated traffic enforcement, often with negative effects on road safety. The chain starts with the initial detection of a violation and ends with fine payment or in court. If violators can afford to avoid payment, the number of violations will increase rapidly, enforcement loses its effect and road safety suffers.AAMVA Code Dictionary (ACD) - Release 2.2.0 April 2007 ACD CODES, DESCRIPTIONS, AND ABBREVIATIONS American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators (AAMVA) This table lists the ACD codes used to communicate convictions and withdrawals over For this purpose it is good to view the entire automated traffic enforcement process as a chain with various separate and interdependent links. Carjackings are only one of a growing class of law enforcement problems associated with increasingly violent crimes and accidents involving automobiles plays weapons, drugs and alcohol.News of an ineffective automated traffic enforcement chain travels fast.

Although accurate, other methods such as video, piezo, laser and low mounted radar all suffer from some disadvantages due to one or more of the following issues: sensitivity, lighting conditions, weather (fog, snow, rain, etc.), occlusion (blockage of a violating vehicle by another vehicle), soiling by precipitation and dirt from passing vehicles, wear and tear, high maintenance intensity and sensitivity to vandalism and damage. If installed properly (loops) or mounted sufficiently high (tracking radar), the overall disadvantages of these detection methods are quite limited. Consistently high detection rates are possible with reliable and durable detection methods such as inductive loops or modern tracking radars. Hardware with high detection rates is therefore required.Detection methods have their advantages and disadvantages. This will affect the public support for automated traffic enforcement.

Detection of a vehicle during a red light phase crossing a legally defined line is crucial here. It should be noted that the increasingly popular average speed enforcement systems (section control) calculate speed based on accurate time measurement over a predefined distance and not by measuring spot speeds.Measurement is not relevant for red light enforcement. Obviously, this needs to be done correctly with a legally pre-defined accuracy. MeasureAfter detection of a vehicle its speed needs to be measured. Automated speed enforcement 2.

On the other hand, the same applies to false positives, when vehicles were registered as speeding, but were not. In case of a false negative, when automated traffic enforcement equipment misses or fails to decide on speeding vehicles this will result in legal inequality. Also here all violating vehicles should be treated in the same way. The local speed limit and the registered speed. Deciding on a violation is based on the comparison of two speed values by the enforcement camera i.e. Decide on violationIf a vehicle is measured exceeding a legally set speed limit, this should result in a violation.

Records of non-violating vehicles need to be discarded, but depending on the country may also be kept longer e.g. This allows for respectively 1) multiple reads only by authorised personnel (encryption), 2) data originating from the right source (authentication) and 3) no tampering with data by anyone (integrity). Cryptography includes encryption, authentication and integrity. When properly registering evidence data the use of cryptography is vital.

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The ANPR data from an image include a value indicating the confidence level which specifies the certainty of a correct reading of a license plate. How long can data of non-violating vehicles be kept by the violation camera? In light of privacy and security, which are often conflicting in terms of storage rights, such issues need to be legally and procedurally defined by the government.Often the license plate data from the registered image file are already processed and read in the enforcement camera by ANPR software and are digitally integrated in the evidence file. Here a related issue comes up.

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The clarity, uniformity and readability of a license plate affects the quality of the registered evidence. Assuming the most authorities are aiming for high processing efficiency, equipment standards with high detection and read ratios and low error ratios should be required in procurement documentation.In owner liability countries license plate quality and readability affect the efficiency of automated violation processing. Such strict requirements put high demands on the readability of license plates, image quality of the enforcement camera and the ANPR software and processing. Within this 90% less than one licence plate of 10,000 vehicles may be read erroneously. 90%, means that more than 90% of the licence plates need to be read and processed automatically. In France and the Netherlands, with fully automated processing from the initial violation registration to the issuance of a mailed violation notice, a high ‘autoratio’ requirement is crucial.

TransferAfter registration the evidence data need to be transferred from the enforcement camera to a central server which, depending on the organisation, can be located with the police, municipality, central or regional government organisation or, depending on the contract, with a private entity. When tracing suspect or stolen vehicles by means of CCTV or enforcement cameras. For the governments good licence plate readability will improve enforcement efficacy, but could also enhance security e.g. The AAMVA (Association of American Motor Vehicle Administrators) issued a report with detailed recommendations on various aspects of license plate design. South-Korea and the Netherlands) have changed the license plate format, material, font and/or syntax to accommodate for better licence plate readability. This will cut processing costs in owner liability countries significantly.

This obviously also adds to processing and other enforcement related costs. Hard disks, memory cards or USB sticks) similar to exchanging wet film cartridges with analogue enforcement cameras. Depending on the authorised procedures, some countries still opt for a traditional method of physically exchanging data storage devices (e.g. Such data can be transferred by means of a fixed data line, WiFi or 3G or 4G mobile broadband connection.